Purpose: This study examined how financial literacy influenced financial inclusion, empowerment, and inclusive growth among economically disadvantaged adults in selected regions of India.

Design: A survey of 2,470 respondents was conducted across seven Indian regions using multi-stage stratified random sampling. Data were analyzed using ordinal logistic regression, SEM, multilevel ordinal models, and robustness checks.

Findings: Respondents showed reasonable literacy in budgeting, basic concepts, and digital transactions, but weaker confidence in comparing financial products. Financial literacy significantly supported inclusion and empowerment. NGO and digital initiatives were more effective than government-only programs, though regional, digital, and socio-cultural barriers remained. Practical

Implications: The study recommended local-language, community-based, and digital financial literacy programs targeting women, youth, migrants, and disadvantaged groups. Originality /

Value: The study validated the pathway financial literacy → financial inclusion → empowerment → inclusive growth using a large multi-region primary dataset.

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